JAMMU AND KASHMIR; a profile
LOCATION
Strategically located Jammu and Kashmir State constitutes the northern most extremity
of India. Situated between 32.15 degree and 37.05 degree north latitude and 72.35 degree
and 83.20 degree east longitude, the total area of the State is 2,22,236 sq. kms
including 78114 sq kms under the illegal occupation of Pakistan and 37,555 sq
kms under that of China, of which Pakistan illegally handed over 5180 sq kms.to
China. The State is bounded by Pakistan, Afghanistan and China from the West to
the East. The State is well connected with rest of the country by air, rail and road. The
Indian Airlines and private airlines operate regular flights to Srinagar, Jammu and
Leh.
The National Highway 1-A connects the capital cities of Srinagar and Jammu with
rest of the country. There are daily passenger trains connecting Jammu with most
of the major cities of the country. The State ranks 6th in area and 17th in population
among the States and Union Territories of India. The State consists of 22 districts,
82 tehsils, 142 blocks,3 municipalities, 75 towns and notified area committee, and
Biggest Fresh Water Lake: Wular (Baramullah)
Biggest Glacier: Kolahoi (Pahalgam)
Biggest Power Project: Uri Hydel (480 MW)
Biggest Cascade: Aharabal
Biggest Golf Course: Gulmarg
Biggest Mosque: Jamia Masjid (Srinagar)
Biggest Temple: Raghunath Mandir (Jammu)
Highest Town: Leh (11,500 ft above sea level)
Highest Pass: Khardungla between Leh and N Waral (14000 ft above sea level)
Highest Tunnel: Jawaharlal Tunnel (7,200 ft above sea level)
Highest Peak: Nanga Parbat (26,620 ft above sea level)
Highest Lake: Pangong (Leh, Ladakh)
Longest River: Indus River
2. Namdas - the woolenrugs.
3. Papier Mache - a mixture of Paper and adhestive, becomes hard after being
dried. Used in making ornaments and boxes.
4.Chain stitch and crewel furnishings - the wall hangings, embroidery is done
on white cotton fabric.
5. Saffrou, Almonds, Honey and walnuts are produced.
6. Sericulture and tweed Weaving are weaving are also the important industries
in state.
7. Pherans - an outfit between a coat and a cloak. It's suits the Kashmiri way of
life.
8. Shawls - the sheet and stole-like items, wrapped around the body in winters
9. Basketry - when some specific woods are used in making various furniture
items like tables, shooping baskets, chairs, lampshades.
10. Copper and Silverware.
THE GLORY OF PAST
and 83.20 degree east longitude, the total area of the State is 2,22,236 sq. kms
including 78114 sq kms under the illegal occupation of Pakistan and 37,555 sq
kms under that of China, of which Pakistan illegally handed over 5180 sq kms.to
China. The State is bounded by Pakistan, Afghanistan and China from the West to
the East. The State is well connected with rest of the country by air, rail and road. The
Indian Airlines and private airlines operate regular flights to Srinagar, Jammu and
Leh.
The National Highway 1-A connects the capital cities of Srinagar and Jammu with
rest of the country. There are daily passenger trains connecting Jammu with most
of the major cities of the country. The State ranks 6th in area and 17th in population
among the States and Union Territories of India. The State consists of 22 districts,
82 tehsils, 142 blocks,3 municipalities, 75 towns and notified area committee, and
6,758 villages .It has four geographical zones of (1) Sub-mountain and semi-mountain
plain known as kandi or dry belt, (2) The Shivalik ranges, (3) The high mountain
zone constituting the Kashmir Valley, Pir Panchal range and its off-shoots including Doda,
Poonch and Rajouri districts and part of Kathua and Udhampur districts, (4) The
middle run of the Indus river comprising Leh and Kargil.
The State of Jammu and Kashmir is the northern most state of India comprising
three distinct Climatic regions viz. Arctic cold desert areas of Ladakh, temperate
Kashmir valley and sub-tropical region of Jammu.
There is a sharp rise of altitude from 1000 feet to 28250 feet above the sea level
within State's four degree of latitude.
The climate varies from tropical in Jammu plains to semi-arctic cold in Ladakh
with Kashmir and Jammu mountainous tracts having temperate climatic condi-
tions. The annual rainfall also varies from region to region with 92.6 mm in Leh,
650.5 mm in Srinagar and 1115.9 mm in Jammu. A large part of the State forms
part of the Himalayan mountains. The State is geologically constituted of rocks
varying from the oldest period of the earth's history to the youngest present day
river and lake deposits.
Poonch and Rajouri districts and part of Kathua and Udhampur districts, (4) The
middle run of the Indus river comprising Leh and Kargil.
The State of Jammu and Kashmir is the northern most state of India comprising
three distinct Climatic regions viz. Arctic cold desert areas of Ladakh, temperate
Kashmir valley and sub-tropical region of Jammu.
There is a sharp rise of altitude from 1000 feet to 28250 feet above the sea level
within State's four degree of latitude.
The climate varies from tropical in Jammu plains to semi-arctic cold in Ladakh
with Kashmir and Jammu mountainous tracts having temperate climatic condi-
tions. The annual rainfall also varies from region to region with 92.6 mm in Leh,
650.5 mm in Srinagar and 1115.9 mm in Jammu. A large part of the State forms
part of the Himalayan mountains. The State is geologically constituted of rocks
varying from the oldest period of the earth's history to the youngest present day
river and lake deposits.
FLORA & FAUNA
The State is rich in flora and fauna. In Jammu, the flora ranges from the thorn bush
type of the arid plain to the temperate and alpine flora of the higher altitudes. Of
the broad leaf trees there are maple, horse chest nuts, silver fir etc. At the higher
altitudes there are birch, rhododendron, Berbers and a large number of herbal
plants.In the hilly regions of Doda, Udhampur, Poonch and Rajouri there is a large and
varied fauna including leopard, cheetah and deer, wild sheep, bear, brown musk
shrew, musk rat. Varieties of snakes, bats, lizards and frogs are also found in the
region. The game birds in Jammu include chakor, snow partridge, pheasants, pea-
cock. The dense forests of Kashmir are a delight to the sport-lovers. The desert of Ladakh
includes 240 species of local and migratory birds have been identified including
black-necked crane. The Ladakh fauna includes yak, Himalayan Ibex, Tibetan antelope,
type of the arid plain to the temperate and alpine flora of the higher altitudes. Of
the broad leaf trees there are maple, horse chest nuts, silver fir etc. At the higher
altitudes there are birch, rhododendron, Berbers and a large number of herbal
plants.In the hilly regions of Doda, Udhampur, Poonch and Rajouri there is a large and
varied fauna including leopard, cheetah and deer, wild sheep, bear, brown musk
shrew, musk rat. Varieties of snakes, bats, lizards and frogs are also found in the
region. The game birds in Jammu include chakor, snow partridge, pheasants, pea-
cock. The dense forests of Kashmir are a delight to the sport-lovers. The desert of Ladakh
includes 240 species of local and migratory birds have been identified including
black-necked crane. The Ladakh fauna includes yak, Himalayan Ibex, Tibetan antelope,
snow leopard, wild ass, red bear and gazelle.
Important Facts: Jammu & Kashmir
Capital: Summers (May-October)- Srinagar
Winters (November-April)- Jammu
Languages: Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri, Pahari, Ladakhi, Balti, Punjabi, Gujri and
Dadri
Population (Census 2011): 1,25,48,926, Males: 66,65,561, Females: 58,83,365;
Percentage to total Population of India (2011): 1.04
Decadal Growth of Population (2001-2011): 23.71%
Sex Ratio: 883 (Females per 1000 males)
Area: 2,22,236 Sq Kms.
Population Density: 124 (persons per sq. km)
Population Below Poverty Line: 3.48%
Urbanisation Ratio: 24.88
Total Forest Area: 20,441 sq km.
Net Area Irrigated: 313,000 hectares unmat
Literacy Rate: 68.74% (Males - 78.26%, Females - 58.01%)
Lok Sabha Constituencies: 6
Assembly Constituencies: 87
Total Road Length (March, 2009): 40,103 km
Total Number of Bank Branches (March, 1997): 950qashto
No. of Public Sector Banks: 258
Post Offices: 1660
Winters (November-April)- Jammu
Languages: Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri, Pahari, Ladakhi, Balti, Punjabi, Gujri and
Dadri
Population (Census 2011): 1,25,48,926, Males: 66,65,561, Females: 58,83,365;
Percentage to total Population of India (2011): 1.04
Decadal Growth of Population (2001-2011): 23.71%
Sex Ratio: 883 (Females per 1000 males)
Area: 2,22,236 Sq Kms.
Population Density: 124 (persons per sq. km)
Population Below Poverty Line: 3.48%
Urbanisation Ratio: 24.88
Total Forest Area: 20,441 sq km.
Net Area Irrigated: 313,000 hectares unmat
Literacy Rate: 68.74% (Males - 78.26%, Females - 58.01%)
Lok Sabha Constituencies: 6
Assembly Constituencies: 87
Total Road Length (March, 2009): 40,103 km
Total Number of Bank Branches (March, 1997): 950qashto
No. of Public Sector Banks: 258
Post Offices: 1660
Biggest Salt Water Lake: Pangoney (Ladakh)
Biggest Fresh Water Lake: Wular (Baramullah)
Biggest Glacier: Kolahoi (Pahalgam)
Biggest Power Project: Uri Hydel (480 MW)
Biggest Cascade: Aharabal
Biggest Golf Course: Gulmarg
Biggest Mosque: Jamia Masjid (Srinagar)
Biggest Temple: Raghunath Mandir (Jammu)
Highest Town: Leh (11,500 ft above sea level)
Highest Pass: Khardungla between Leh and N Waral (14000 ft above sea level)
Highest Tunnel: Jawaharlal Tunnel (7,200 ft above sea level)
Highest Peak: Nanga Parbat (26,620 ft above sea level)
Highest Lake: Pangong (Leh, Ladakh)
Longest River: Indus River
OCCUPATION
1. Carpets making, Namdas, Papier Mache, Chain Stitch and Crewel Furnish-
ings, Saffron, Walnuts, Almonds, Honey, Silks, Tweeks, Pherans Shawls,
Baske-try, Walnut Wood, Copper and Silverware very much in demand be-
cause of being hand-made and knoted.
ings, Saffron, Walnuts, Almonds, Honey, Silks, Tweeks, Pherans Shawls,
Baske-try, Walnut Wood, Copper and Silverware very much in demand be-
cause of being hand-made and knoted.
2. Namdas - the woolenrugs.
3. Papier Mache - a mixture of Paper and adhestive, becomes hard after being
dried. Used in making ornaments and boxes.
4.Chain stitch and crewel furnishings - the wall hangings, embroidery is done
on white cotton fabric.
5. Saffrou, Almonds, Honey and walnuts are produced.
6. Sericulture and tweed Weaving are weaving are also the important industries
in state.
7. Pherans - an outfit between a coat and a cloak. It's suits the Kashmiri way of
life.
8. Shawls - the sheet and stole-like items, wrapped around the body in winters
to keep the body warm. Shawls are made up of Pashmina, wool and Shahtoosh.
9. Basketry - when some specific woods are used in making various furniture
items like tables, shooping baskets, chairs, lampshades.
10. Copper and Silverware.
THE GLORY OF PAST
HISTORY
Jammu and Kashmir came into being as a single political and geographical entity
following the Treaty of Amritsar between the British Government and Gulah singh
signed on March 16, 1846. The Treaty handed over the control of the Kashmir
State to the Dogra ruler of Jammu. Thus a new State comprising three distinct
religions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh was formed with Maharaja Gulab Singh
as its founder ruler. The feudal dispensation in the State, however, was too harsh
for the people. The Kashmiris led by a towering personality, the Sher-1-Kashmir
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, rose against the autocracy. The autocratic rule came
down heavily on the people's freedom movement. However, the people laid their
lives in the cause of freedom and to uphold the ideals of secularism, equality,
democracy and brotherhood.
The high point of the movement was July 13, 1931 when 22 protesters were
martyred. The event strengthened the movement, the people emerged more
determined in their resolution to seek an end to autocratic rule. The National
Conference, headed by Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, had become a mass
movement and a force to reckon with. It broke the barriers of region and religion
and became a popular and secular voice of the people of the State whose collective
yearning was freedom from autocracy and the establishment of a popular rule. The
people's movement spearheaded by the National Conference saw several ups and
downs with its leaders particularly the Sher-I-Kashmir suffering misfortune and
long internment.
following the Treaty of Amritsar between the British Government and Gulah singh
signed on March 16, 1846. The Treaty handed over the control of the Kashmir
State to the Dogra ruler of Jammu. Thus a new State comprising three distinct
religions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh was formed with Maharaja Gulab Singh
as its founder ruler. The feudal dispensation in the State, however, was too harsh
for the people. The Kashmiris led by a towering personality, the Sher-1-Kashmir
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, rose against the autocracy. The autocratic rule came
down heavily on the people's freedom movement. However, the people laid their
lives in the cause of freedom and to uphold the ideals of secularism, equality,
democracy and brotherhood.
The high point of the movement was July 13, 1931 when 22 protesters were
martyred. The event strengthened the movement, the people emerged more
determined in their resolution to seek an end to autocratic rule. The National
Conference, headed by Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, had become a mass
movement and a force to reckon with. It broke the barriers of region and religion
and became a popular and secular voice of the people of the State whose collective
yearning was freedom from autocracy and the establishment of a popular rule. The
people's movement spearheaded by the National Conference saw several ups and
downs with its leaders particularly the Sher-I-Kashmir suffering misfortune and
long internment.
ACCESSION
Jammu and Kashmir was one of about 565 princely States of India on which the
British paramountcy lapsed at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947. While
the power was transferred to the people in British India, the rulers of the princely
States were given an option to join either of the two Dominions - India or Pakistan.
The Government of India Act 1935, as adopted in the Indian Independence Act,
1947, provided, "An Indian State shall be deemed to have acceded to the Dominion
if the Governor General has signified the acceptance of an Instrument of Accession
executed by the rule thereof." India, Pakistan and even Britain were party to these
provisions. So the choice of joining either of the Dominions was left to the Rulers
of the States concerned. Moreover, in the Indian Independence Act, 1947, there
was no provision for any conditional accession.
British paramountcy lapsed at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947. While
the power was transferred to the people in British India, the rulers of the princely
States were given an option to join either of the two Dominions - India or Pakistan.
The Government of India Act 1935, as adopted in the Indian Independence Act,
1947, provided, "An Indian State shall be deemed to have acceded to the Dominion
if the Governor General has signified the acceptance of an Instrument of Accession
executed by the rule thereof." India, Pakistan and even Britain were party to these
provisions. So the choice of joining either of the Dominions was left to the Rulers
of the States concerned. Moreover, in the Indian Independence Act, 1947, there
was no provision for any conditional accession.
The Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh did not exercise the option.
immediately and instead offered a proposal of Standstill Agreement to both the
Dominion, pending final decision on State's accession. On August 12, 1947, the
Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir sent identical communications to the
Government of India and Pakistan which read, "Jammu and Kashmir Government
would welcome Standstill Agreement with Union of India/Pakistan on all matters
on which there exists arrangements with the outgoing British India Government."
Pakistan accepted the offer and sent a communication to J&K Prime Minster on
August 15, 1947. It read, "The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement
with Jammu and Kashmir for the continuation of existing arrangements.... India
did not agree to the offer and advised the Maharaja to send his authorized
representative to Delhi for discussion on the offer.
Dominion, pending final decision on State's accession. On August 12, 1947, the
Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir sent identical communications to the
Government of India and Pakistan which read, "Jammu and Kashmir Government
would welcome Standstill Agreement with Union of India/Pakistan on all matters
on which there exists arrangements with the outgoing British India Government."
Pakistan accepted the offer and sent a communication to J&K Prime Minster on
August 15, 1947. It read, "The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement
with Jammu and Kashmir for the continuation of existing arrangements.... India
did not agree to the offer and advised the Maharaja to send his authorized
representative to Delhi for discussion on the offer.
THE STORY BEHIND
The Maharaja of Kashmir was already facing a formidable challenge from the
people who had launched the Quit Kashmir movement under the leadership of
Sher-1-Kashmir Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah against the autocratic rule. Quit
Kashmir movement ran parallel to the national movement with Sheikh Mohammad
Abdullah having close association with the leaders of the national movement against
British rule. The national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Pandit Nehru too
espoused the cause of the people of Kashmir seeking political freedom from
autocratic rule. To deal with the people's upsurge, Maharaja had even detained
Sheikh Abdullah on May 20, 1946 for spearheading 'Quit-Kashmir' movement.
Faced with new alarming situation arising out of repeated violations of the Standstill
Agreement by Pakistan and blocking of Pindi-Srinagar road, the Maharaja set him
free on September 29, 1947.
Bowing before the wishes of the people as reflected by Muslim dominated National
Conference and to push back the invaders, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of
Accession in favour of India on October 26, 1947 on the prescribed terms and
conditions. This was accepted by the Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten
next day. The Instrument of Accession executed by Maharaja Hari Singh was the
same which was signed by other rulers of the princely States. Similarly, the
acceptance of the Instrument of Accession by the Governor General was also
identical in respect of all such instruments.
With J&K becoming legal and constitutional part of Union of India, the troops
were rushed to the state to push back the invaders and vacate aggression from the
territory of the state. The first batch of Indian Army troops arrived at Srinagar
airport immediately after the Accession was signed. On October 30, 1947 an
Emergency Government was formed in the State with Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
as its head. The Army fought sustained battle with the tribals and after several
sacrifices pushed them out of the Valley and other areas in the Jammu region.
people who had launched the Quit Kashmir movement under the leadership of
Sher-1-Kashmir Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah against the autocratic rule. Quit
Kashmir movement ran parallel to the national movement with Sheikh Mohammad
Abdullah having close association with the leaders of the national movement against
British rule. The national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Pandit Nehru too
espoused the cause of the people of Kashmir seeking political freedom from
autocratic rule. To deal with the people's upsurge, Maharaja had even detained
Sheikh Abdullah on May 20, 1946 for spearheading 'Quit-Kashmir' movement.
Faced with new alarming situation arising out of repeated violations of the Standstill
Agreement by Pakistan and blocking of Pindi-Srinagar road, the Maharaja set him
free on September 29, 1947.
Bowing before the wishes of the people as reflected by Muslim dominated National
Conference and to push back the invaders, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of
Accession in favour of India on October 26, 1947 on the prescribed terms and
conditions. This was accepted by the Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten
next day. The Instrument of Accession executed by Maharaja Hari Singh was the
same which was signed by other rulers of the princely States. Similarly, the
acceptance of the Instrument of Accession by the Governor General was also
identical in respect of all such instruments.
With J&K becoming legal and constitutional part of Union of India, the troops
were rushed to the state to push back the invaders and vacate aggression from the
territory of the state. The first batch of Indian Army troops arrived at Srinagar
airport immediately after the Accession was signed. On October 30, 1947 an
Emergency Government was formed in the State with Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
as its head. The Army fought sustained battle with the tribals and after several
sacrifices pushed them out of the Valley and other areas in the Jammu region.
Meanwhile, the people of Kashmir under the towering leadership of Sher-I-Kashmir
were mobilised and they resisted the marching columns of the enemy. Till the
arrival of the troops, it was mainly the Muslim volunteers under the command of
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah who braved death to push back invaders.
On January 1, 1948 India took up the issue of Pak aggression in Jammu and Kashmir
in UNO under Article 35 of its charter. The Government of India requests the
Security Council to call upon Pakistan to put an end immediately to the giving of
such assistance which is an act of aggression against India. If Pakistan does not do
so, the Government of India may be compelled, in self-defence, to enter into Pakistan
territory to take military action against the invaders." After long debates, cease-fire
came into operation on the midnight of January 1, 1949. Presence of Pak regular
troops in the Valley was attested even by UNCIP documents (UNCIP first report).
At the time of cease-fire, Pakistan was holding 78114 sq.Kms illegally and this
aggression on that territory continues even today. On March 5, 1948, the Maharaja
announced the formation of an interim popular Government with Sheikh
Mohammad Abdullah as the Prime Minister. Subsequently, the Maharaja signed a
proclamation making Yuvraj Karan Singh as the Regent.
During one of the debates in UN Security Council on February 5, 1948, Sher-I-
Kashmir, said "aggression and not the accession is the issue." The Security council,
however, passed a resolution on plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir subject to certain
conditions. The resolution had three parts, one relating to cease-fire while the
second, the most important and relevant, was a truce agreement which provided
the mechanism for plebiscite. As per the agreement, Pakistan Government agreed
to withdraw its troops from the State and undertake to secure the withdrawal of its
tribesmen and nationals who had invaded the State.
The second part of this agreement related to the obligation of Government of India
which would have come into force after Pakistan had fulfilled its obligation in part
A of the agreement and thereby terminated the situation which occasioned the
presence of Indian troops. On being notified that Pakistan had withdrawn its forces,
the Government of India would begin withdrawal of bulk of its forces in stages but
she will maintain the minimum strength of its forces necessary for law and order
with the Commission stationing its observers.
The third part related to reaffirmation of both the countries to determine the wish
of the people. In 1951, the State Constituent Assembly was elected by the people.
arrival of the troops, it was mainly the Muslim volunteers under the command of
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah who braved death to push back invaders.
On January 1, 1948 India took up the issue of Pak aggression in Jammu and Kashmir
in UNO under Article 35 of its charter. The Government of India requests the
Security Council to call upon Pakistan to put an end immediately to the giving of
such assistance which is an act of aggression against India. If Pakistan does not do
so, the Government of India may be compelled, in self-defence, to enter into Pakistan
territory to take military action against the invaders." After long debates, cease-fire
came into operation on the midnight of January 1, 1949. Presence of Pak regular
troops in the Valley was attested even by UNCIP documents (UNCIP first report).
At the time of cease-fire, Pakistan was holding 78114 sq.Kms illegally and this
aggression on that territory continues even today. On March 5, 1948, the Maharaja
announced the formation of an interim popular Government with Sheikh
Mohammad Abdullah as the Prime Minister. Subsequently, the Maharaja signed a
proclamation making Yuvraj Karan Singh as the Regent.
During one of the debates in UN Security Council on February 5, 1948, Sher-I-
Kashmir, said "aggression and not the accession is the issue." The Security council,
however, passed a resolution on plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir subject to certain
conditions. The resolution had three parts, one relating to cease-fire while the
second, the most important and relevant, was a truce agreement which provided
the mechanism for plebiscite. As per the agreement, Pakistan Government agreed
to withdraw its troops from the State and undertake to secure the withdrawal of its
tribesmen and nationals who had invaded the State.
The second part of this agreement related to the obligation of Government of India
which would have come into force after Pakistan had fulfilled its obligation in part
A of the agreement and thereby terminated the situation which occasioned the
presence of Indian troops. On being notified that Pakistan had withdrawn its forces,
the Government of India would begin withdrawal of bulk of its forces in stages but
she will maintain the minimum strength of its forces necessary for law and order
with the Commission stationing its observers.
The third part related to reaffirmation of both the countries to determine the wish
of the people. In 1951, the State Constituent Assembly was elected by the people.
The Assemblymen for the first time in Srinagar on October 31, 1951. Close on the
heels of this, the Delhi Agreement was signed between the two Prime Ministers of
India and Jammu and Kashmir giving special position to the State under the Indian
Constitutional framework. The Constituent Assembly elected the Yuvraj as the
Constitutional framework. The Constituent Assembly elected the Yuvraj as the
Sadar-I-Riyasat on November 15, 1952, thus bringing to end the 106 year old
hereditary rule in Jammu and Kashmir. The State Constituent Assembly ratified
the accession of the State to the Union of India on February 6, 1954 and the President
of India subsequently issued the Constitution (Application to J&K) Order under
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution extending the Union Constitution to the
State with some exceptions and modifications. The State's own Constitution came
into force on January 26, 1957 under which the elections to the State Legislative
Assembly were held for the first time on the basis of adult franchise the same year.
This Constitution ratified the State's accession to Union of India. Section 3 of the
Constitution makes this historic fact a reality. This section 3 of the Constitution
says, "The Sate of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union
of India." The Section 4 of the Constitution defined the territories which on the
fifteenth day of August, 1947, were under the sovereignty of suzerainty of the Ruler
of the State." Since then eight assembly elections have been held in the state besides
Lok Sabha elections where the people exercised their franchise freely.
While the people of the state continue to march ahead for socio-economic
emancipation as per the Naya Kashmir charter for better quality of life, Pakistan
continued with her plans to grab Kashmir through force. Pakistan waged two wars
in 1965 and 1971 to annex Kashmir but the people gave her befitting reply and
repulsed her attacks with the help of army like they did in 1947-48. Failing to
match India's military power, it launched a low intensity war through militancy in
1990 which took a toll of 20,000 human lives besides destroying private and public
the accession of the State to the Union of India on February 6, 1954 and the President
of India subsequently issued the Constitution (Application to J&K) Order under
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution extending the Union Constitution to the
State with some exceptions and modifications. The State's own Constitution came
into force on January 26, 1957 under which the elections to the State Legislative
Assembly were held for the first time on the basis of adult franchise the same year.
This Constitution ratified the State's accession to Union of India. Section 3 of the
Constitution makes this historic fact a reality. This section 3 of the Constitution
says, "The Sate of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union
of India." The Section 4 of the Constitution defined the territories which on the
fifteenth day of August, 1947, were under the sovereignty of suzerainty of the Ruler
of the State." Since then eight assembly elections have been held in the state besides
Lok Sabha elections where the people exercised their franchise freely.
While the people of the state continue to march ahead for socio-economic
emancipation as per the Naya Kashmir charter for better quality of life, Pakistan
continued with her plans to grab Kashmir through force. Pakistan waged two wars
in 1965 and 1971 to annex Kashmir but the people gave her befitting reply and
repulsed her attacks with the help of army like they did in 1947-48. Failing to
match India's military power, it launched a low intensity war through militancy in
1990 which took a toll of 20,000 human lives besides destroying private and public
property.................
Refrance....R.Guptas general knowledge
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