MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES Class 10th Geography Lesson 5

 

NOTES PREPARED BY 
KHURSHEED AHMED
TEACHER SCHOOL 
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

CHAPTER NO.5

MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

IMPORTANT TERMS:-

1. Mineral:- A naturally occurring substance with a definable chemical composition

2. Placer Deposits: - Minerals which occur as alluvial deposits deposited by rivers and found in sands of valley floor and base of hills such as gold, silver, fin etc.

3. Rat hole Mining - It is mining coal by family members through narrow tunnels in North Eastern states of India

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS

1. Multiple choice questions.

Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material?

a) Coal

b) Bauxite

c) Gold

d) Zinc

Ans:- Bauxite

II Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of following minerals?

a) Bauxite

b) Mica

c) Iron ore

d) Copper

Ans - Mica

III Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata's of which of the following rocks?

a) Sedimentary rocks

b) Metamorphic rocks

c) Igneous rocks

d) None of the above

Ans:-Sedimentary rocks

IV Which one of the following minerals is concentrated in monazite sand?

a) Oil

b) Uranium

c) Thorium

d) Coal

Ans:- Thorium

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. I distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words,

a) Ferrous and Non-ferrous Minerals

Ans:- The main difference between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals are

FERROUS MINERALS

1.These minerals contain iron and help in establishment of metallurgical industries

2.Iron ore, chromite, cobalt are the examples of ferrous minerals Copper, zinc, lead and Aluminium are the examples of non-ferrous minerals

NON FERROUS MINERALS

1.These minerals do not contain iron and play an important role in other industries

2.Copper, zinc, lead and Aluminium are the examples of non-ferrous minerals

b) Conventional and Non-conventional sources of energy. 

Ans:- The main differences between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy are as;

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

1.These sources of energy have been used since long time

2. They are generally non-renewable sources of energy

3.Wood, fuel, coal petroleum, hydroelectricity are some examples of conventional sources of energy Wind, tidal energy, solar energy are some of the examples of non- conventional sources of energy

NON -CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

1.These sources of energy are of recent origin and have not been commonly used

2.They are renewable sources of energy

3.Wind, tidal energy, solar energy are some of the examples of non- conventional sources of energy

II What is mineral?

Ans - A minerals is a naturally occurring substance which has definite chemical composition comprising of one or more elements,

III How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

Ans:- In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals are generally found in cracks, joints, faults and crevices. When minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upwards through crevices towards earth's surface they cool and solidify.

IV Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?

Ans:- We need to conserve mineral resources because of following reasons:-

• Mineral resources are non-renewable and need urgent attention for their conservation
• Minerals are important for economic growth and industrial growth. In order to develop the country economically we have to conserve mineral resources.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

I Describe the distribution of coal in India?

Ans:- In India we have following two types of coal deposits:-

• Gondwana Coal Deposits:- These coal deposits are over 200 million years old. These are used in metallurgical industries. These coal deposits are found in Damodar Valley (West Bengal - Jharkhand) where Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coal fields. These deposits are also found in the valleys of Godavari, Mahanadi, Son rivers,

• Tertiary Coal Deposits:- These are around 55 million years old. These deposits are mainly found in North Eastern states of India like Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland

II Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

Ans:- Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of energy that is produced from Sunlight. It has bright future in India because of several reasons:

•  Many parts of India receive sunlight at least 300 days annually and it is possible to generate 20 MW of energy per square kilometre area.

• It is easy to establish solar plants in urban and rural areas than constructing a hydroelectric power project

•  Larger number of people in India still uses fire for cooking purposes. Solar energy can be an important alternative to fire wood particularly in rural areas

• Solar energy is becoming more popular as it is used for cooking, heating water, lighting etc.

• It is renewable source of energy while other conventional sources are non-renewable in nature

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

Qnol. Discuss the production and distribution of iron ore in India?

Ans:- Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is rich in good quality iron ores. There are four types of iron ores which are found in India:-

• Magnetite:- It contains 60 to 70 % of iron content

• Hematite:- It contains 50 to 60% of iron content

• Limonite - It contains 40 to 50% of iron content

• Siderite:- It contains less than 40 % of iron content

The major iron ore producing areas of India include:-

• Odisha-Jharkhand belt: - Major producers in this belt include Mayurbhanj, Kendujha districts of Odisha and Singbhum district of Jharkhand

• Durg-Baster-Chandrapur belt:- This belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra, Major iron ore producing area is the famous Bailadila hills of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.

• Ballari-Chitradurga-chikkamagluru-Tumakuru belt: - Importance producing area include Kudremukh mines located in Western Ghats

• Maharashtra-Goa belt: - Major producing areas include the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra

.

Qno 2. What are the various purposes for which Bauxite is used?

Ans:- Bauxite is the main ore of Aluminium. It various uses are as under:

• Aluminium is used for making pots and pans.

• It is used for making electric wires

• . It is used for making cans for various beverage drinks

• It can be pressed into a thin foil for wrapping food for storage and transport

• It is widely used in aeronautical industry

• It can be made even stronger by mixing it with other etals to make alloys

Qno3. Name some important petroleum producing states of India?

Ans:- The important petroleum producing states of India are include Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram

Qno4. Distinguish between metallic and non-

Ans:- The main difference between metallic and non-metallic minerals are as

 METALLIC MINERALS

1.These Minerals can be melted new products

2.These are generally associated with Igneous rocks

3.They are generally hard and have lustre of their ow

4.They are ductile and malleable

5.When hit, they do not get broken

6.Iron, copper, bauxite, tin, manganese are some examples

NON METALLIC MINERALS

1.These Minerals do not yield new products on melting

2.These are generally associated with sedimentary rocks

3.They are not so hard and have no shine or lustre of their own

4.They are not ductile and malleable

5.They break into many pieces when hit

6.Coal, salt, clay, marble are some examples

Qno5. Elaborate in detail the production, distribution and consumption of coal?

Ans:- India's coal reserves are estimated to be 21400 million tonnes. At present over 330 million tonnes are produced annually. There are four varieties of coal which are:-

Anthracite:- It is hard, black and compact coal. It contains high percentage of pure carbon. Carbon content is more than 80%. It is one of the best coals. It is found in J&K only

Bituminous coal:- It called soft coal in USA but hard coal in Europe. It contains 60-80% of carbon content. It contains higher percentage of carbon, less water and oxygen than lignite. It is most mined and most widely used coal. It is found in Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh

Lignite:- It is often called brown coal. It contains 40-60% carbon and highest water content. When exposed to air it shrinks and crumbles. It is considered lower grade coal. It is found in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Assam and J&K. In J&K it is found at Kalakot, Jangalgali, Jigniete in Jammu division

Peat: - It contains less than 40% carbon. It burns like wood and gives more smoke and less heat.

In India 67% coal production comes from Jharkhand, MP, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. 33% of coal production comes from Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and U.P. Over 67% of coal produced in India is used for generating electricity. About 10% in metallurgical, 4% in cement industry and rest in chemical and fertilizer industries.

Qno6. Why is conservation of minerals essential? Explain the methods to conserve them?

Ans:- Conservation of minerals is the need of the hour because of the following reasons:-

• Minerals are important input in large number of industries. So to boost the economic development of a country it is very important to conserve them.

• Minerals are non-renewable resources and they get exhausted by our single use. So it is important to conserve them

• Lot of economic development is possible only when we have huge quantities of resources. Some of the important ways to conserve mineral resources are as:-

• We should focus on utilizing modern technology in order to reduce the wastage of minerals during extraction and processing

• Wherever possible we should focus on recycling metals 

• Scrap metals and substitutes of metals should be used wherever possible

Qno7. "Utilizing renewable energy is need of the hour". Justify the statement.

Ans:- Renewable energy is inexhaustible and can be used again and again like solar energy, wind energy etc. There is a growing need for increasing the use of renewable energy sources due to following reasons ;

• Conventional sources of energy are depleting very fast, so we to start using renewable sources of energy

• Renewable energy is neat and clean energy and do not cause environmental pollution

• Renewable sources of energy are economical and as compared to non-renewable sources of energy

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Iron ore is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam

2. Mumbai High produces 63% of the total petroleum production of India

3. Monazite sands in Kerala are rich in Thorium

4. Tamil Nadu state has the largest wind farm cluster of India

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