TRANSPORTATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS CLASS 7

 NOTES PREPARED BY 
ASHAQ HUSSAIN BHAT 
GL TEACHER SCHOOL EDUCATION 
DEPARTMENT JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Lesson 11

TRANSPORTATION IN

ANIMALS AND PLANTS

Points to Remember

• Organisms need food, water and oxygen for their survival.
• Transport of various nutrients, wastes etc. in the body is done by heart and blood vessels.
• Heart, blood, blood vessels constitute circulatory system.
• Blood is a thick red fluid. In blood there are three types of cells:
• (i) Red blood cells (RBC)
• (ii) White blood cells (WBC)
• (iii) Platelets.

• The fluid part of blood is called plasma. Platelets help in clotting of blood.
• Two types of blood vessel carry blood to different parts of body: Arteries and Veins.  Arteries carry oxygenated blood, except pulmonary arteries. Veins carry deoxygenated blood, except pulmonary veins.
• Throbbing movement due to flow of blood in arteries is known as pulse.
• Arteries have thick elastic walls because blood flow is rapid and under high pressure.
• Pulse rate is number of heart beats per minute.
• Veins have valves in them to prevent back flow of blood. Towards heart.
• Arteries carry blood away from heart while veins bring blood towards heart.
• Capillaries are smaller vessels of arteries and veins.
• Heart is a pumping organ.
• The size of heart is just like that of a fist of man.
• Heart is a four chambered organ.
• The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart muscles constitute a heart beat.
• Stethoscope is a device to amplify the sound of the heart.
• Heart beats are felt by stethoscope only.
• William Harvey discovered circulation of blood.
• . Carbon dioxide is removed as waste, during exhalation, through the lungs 
• Sponges and Hydra do not possess any circulatory system.
• The process of removal of waste produced in the cells of living organisms is called excretion.
• Kidneys are excretory organs in humans.
• Kidneys, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder constitute the excretory system 
• Constitutes of urine are water, urea and other wastes.
• Sweat is another form of waste. It contains water and salts.
• The artificial process of filtering waste products is called dialysis.
•  Vascular tissue of plants constitute xylem and phloem vessels.
• Xylem form a continuous network of channels that connect root to the leaves.
• Phloem transports food to all parts of the plants.
• Transpiration is process of release of a lot of water vapours.
• Transpiration causes cooling in the plants.

• SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

• Circulatory system is a system of organs that takes part in the flow of materials in the body of an organism inside an extracellular fluid.
• Blood vessels. These are tubular channels meant for carrying blood. These are of three types-Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
• Arteries. These carry pure (oxygenated) blood from heart to different parts of the body, except pulmonary arteries.
• Veins. These bring impure (deoxygenated) blood from different parts of body towards the heart, except pulmonary veins.
• Blood capillaries. These are the finest blood vessels having extremely thin walls for exchange of materials.
• Heart beat. The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart muscles constitute a heart beat.
• Stethoscope. An instrument to feel the heart beats.
• Excretion. The elimination of wastes from the body is called excretion.
• Dialysis. The artificial process of filtering blood is called dialysis.
• Tissue. A group of cells that perform specialized function is called tissue.
• Transpiration. The loss of water in the vapour form from the exposed or aerial parts of a plant is called transpiration.

• TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

Q. 1. Multiple Choice Questions-Tick mark (✓) the correct choice 

(1) In plants, materials are transported through:

(a) xylem

(c) phloem

(b) xylem and phloem

(d) root hair.

(2) Food is translocated in the plants through:

(a) xylem

(b) root hair

(c) phloem

(d) diffusion.

(3) Water absorption is more because :

(a) of xylem

(c) of phloem

(b) of more transpiration

(d)more water is required by the plant body.

(4) Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the plant :

(a) in bright light

(c) in the shade

(b) in dim light

(d) covered with a polythene bag.

(5) The colour of blood is red due the presence of:

(a) chlorophyll

(b) anthocyanin

(c) haemoglobin

(d)red blood ceils.

(6) In an adult normal rate of heart beat is :

(a) 72 times per minute

(b)92 times per minute

(c) 82 times per minute

(d) 62 times per minute.

(7) Blood cells which protect the body from infection are:

(a) RBCs

(b) Platelets

(c) WBCs

(d) Haemoglobin

Ans. (1)-(b) xylem and phloem

(2)- (c) phloem

(3)- (b) of more transpiration

(4)-(a) in bright light

(5)-(c) haemoglobin

(6)-(a) 72 times per minute

(7)-(c) WBCs.

Q. 2. Fill in the blanks :

(i) In most animals, circulation is brought about by a liquid called..............

(ii) Blood moves through tubes called.................

(iii) Two useful things that are circulated in all animals are..............and................

(iv) The liquid part of blood is called.,...........

(v) The substance in red bloc cells that links up with oxygen is called.................

(vi) The red colour of the blood is due to the presence of......................

(vii) Excretion of wastes in unicellular organisms takes place by........................

(viii) Getting rid of waste materials in living beings is called..................

(ix) Most liquid wastes are excreted through the.,....................

(x) Skin helps in the excretion of water and..................

(xi) In man, carbon dioxide is excreted through...................

(xii) Kidneys are made up of a number of filters called........,.........

(xiii) Kidneys are connected to the urinary bladder by long tubes called..................

(xiv) Artificial kidney machines work on the principle of.........................

Ans. (i) blood (ii) blood vessels (iii) Oxygen, food

(iv) plasma (v) haemoglobin (vi) RBC

(vii) diffusion (viii) excretion (ix) kidneys (x) salts

(xi) lungs (xii) nephrons (xiii) ureters (xiv) dialysis.

Q. 3. Match the Column A with those in Column B.

Ans (Solved)

Column A

1. Heart

2. Food and oxygen

3. Waste products

4. Carrier of oxygen

5. Circulation

6. Arteries and Veins

Column B

(a) A living pump

(d) Materials needed by every

living thing.

(b) Can poison an organism

(f) Red blood cells

(c) Movement of materials

(e) Pipes for transport in man.

Q. 4. Write True or False in front of the statements given below:

 Statements. (True False)

(i) In spirogyra, transport of materials takes place through osmosis..................

(ii) Xylem and phloem are vascular tissues...............

(iii) Girdling experiment demonstrates food synthesis in plants................

(iv) Platelets help in clotting of blood...............

(v) In Hydra, excretion takes place through diffusion....................

Ans. (i) True (ii) True (iii) True (iv) True (v) True.

Answer the following questions :

Q.1. How does transport of materials take place in unicellular plants ?

Ans. In unicellular plants like chlamydomonas the transport of materials takes place by diffusion.

Q. 2. Define diffusion.

Ans. Diffusion. It is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration until they are spread out evenly.

Q. 3. What are the two aspects of transport in higher plants?

Ans. There are two aspects of transport in higher plants.

These aspects are:

(a) Movement of water and minerals takes place from roots to other parts of plants through stem and its branches.

(b) Movement of food materials prepared in leaves to other parts of plants.

Q. 4. Mention the function of 

(a) Xylem and

(b) phloem.

Ans. (a) Function of Xylem. Xylem conducts water and mineral salts from roots to other parts of the plant.

(b) Function of Phloem. Phloem conducts food material synthesized in leaves to other parts of the plants.

Q. 5. Name a process by which water loss takes place in plants.

Ans. Transpiration.

Q. 6. Define the followings :

(i) Circulatory system (ii) Arteries (iii) Veins

Ans. (i) Circulatory system. It is a system

of organs that takes part in the flow of materials in the body of an organism inside an extracellular fluid.

(ii) Arteries. These are the blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood from heart to different parts of the body except pulmonary artery.

(iii) Veins. These are the blood vessels which collects  deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body and carry  it to the heart.

Q. 7. Name the main parts of the circulatory systems.

Ans. The circulatory system of the human body consists of:

(i) Heart-centrally located pump.

(ii) Blood-fluid tissue.

(iii) Arteries-Blood carrying tubes from the heart to different body parts.

(iv) Veins-Blood bringing tubes from different body parts to the heart.

(v) Capillaries-fine branches of arteries and veins.

Q. 8. Mention the functions of blood.

Ans. Functions of blood

(i) It transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

(ii) It helps in clotting.

(iii) It carries nutrients and waste materials, enzymes and hormones etc.

(iv) It helps in excretion of wastes.

(v) It regulates body temperature.

(vi) It protects the body against infection.

Q. 9. Describe the functions of the following:

(i) Heart

(ii) Blood vessels

(iii) Red blood cells (iv) White blood cells

(v) Platelets

Ans. (i) Functions of heart. Heart is a pumping organ in a human body. It pumps the blood to different parts of the body.

(ii) Functions of blood vessels. These are the vessels which carry blood from heart to different parts of the body (arteries) and vice versa (veins).

(iii) Functions of red blood cells. These contain a red colouring pigment called haemoglobin which binds the oxygen and transport it to all parts of the body.

(iv) Functions of white blood cells. These cells destroy the germs and help in fighting infection.

(v) Functions of platelets. These cells help in clotting of blood whenever there is a blood flow due to injury.

Q. 10. Describe in brief the circulatory system in human beings.

Ans. Circulating system in human beings. Circulatory system is a transporting system in which different materials like food, gases, waste products etc. are circulated from one part of the body to the other parts through a liquid portion called blood. In an adult human being there is about 5.5 litres of blood.

Circulatory system consists of three parts namely-

(i) Heart

(ii) Blood vessels

(iii) Blood.

Heart is a pumping organ which is located in the chest cavity slightly towards the left.

The blood vessels are of two types 

(i) Arteries 

(ii) Veins. 

Arteries carry blood from heart to various other parts of the body. 

Veins bring blood from different parts of the body to the heart.

Blood:- Blood is a red coloured fluid flowing inside the blood vessels. It consists of liquid portion called plasma and the cells or 

corpuscles The cells are of three types: 

(i) Redb lood cells (RBCs) 

(ii) White blood cells (WBCs) 

(iii) Platelets.

Q. 11. Name the organ from which oxygenated blood goes into the heart. 

Ans. Lung.

Q. 12. Define excretion..

Ans. Excretion. The removal of waste products from the body is called excretion.

Q. 13. How does excretion occur in lower animals?

Ans. Excretion in lower animals ;In lower animals such as amoeba, paramecium, hydra etc. the excretion occurs through the general surface of the body. by the process of diffusion (movement of particles from its higher concentration to its low concentration area).

Q. 14. Why is the process of excretion important for living beings ?

Ans. A variety of wash products are produced inside the body due to various activities.

These waste products may be in the form of undigested food (faecal matter), carbon dioxide, heat, urea etc. These waste products are harmful for the body. So these products must be removed from the body. Hence the process of excretion is very important for living beings.

Q. 15. Name the various organs of excretion in humans.

Ans. Various organs of excretion in humans are :

(i) Lungs 

(ii) Skin 

(iii) Large intestine 

(iv) Kidneys 

(v) Liver.

Q. 16. What waste products are removed by the following parts?

(a) Skin

(b) Kidneys

(b) Lungs

(c) Large intestine.

Ans. (a) Skin. Sweat glands are present in the skin. These glands excrete urea, salt and excess of water.

(b) Kidneys. Kidneys are the main excretory organs in higher animals such as human. Kidneys excrete waste products like urea and nitrogen in urine.

(c) Lungs. During respiration carbon dioxide and water are produced which are expelled out by lungs.

(d) Large intestine. Large intestine excrete some waste along with faeces through anus.

Q. 17. Name the organs of excretion in earthworms insects and vertebrates.

Ans.

Animals.                   Organ of excretion

Earthworms.            Nephridia

Insects.                      Malpighian tubules

Vertebrates               Kidneys.

Q. 18 Define sweating.

Ans. Sweating. It is production of a watery fluid from sweat gland present in the skin. This fluid contains dissolved salts. Sweating produces a cooling effect.

Q. 19. What is the importance of sweating?

Ans. Importance of Sweating; Sweating is the production of a watery fluid along with salts from sweat glands present in the skin. So it removes some of the harmful wastes. During hot summer day sweating produces a cooling effect.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Why is transport of materials necessary in plant or an animal? Explain.

Ans. Transportation of materials in plants and animals is necessary as each and every part of organism need food for obtaining energy and building and maintaining body. As the food is prepared in leaves and water is absorbed by roots in plants and absorbed by digestive system in living organisms.

So it is necessary to transport the materials in the plants and animals.

Q. 2. What will happen if there are no platelets in the blood ?

Ans. Platelets help in clotting of blood. So, in absence of platelets, blood will not clot. So, if a person is injured once, the whole blood will escape out and hence a may die.

Q. 3. What are stomata ? Give two functions of stomata.

Ans. Stomata are tiny pores on the under surface of leaves.

Functions. 

(i) Exchange of gases 

(ii) Transpiration.

Q. 4. Does transpiration serve any useful function in plants? Explain.

Ans. Transpiration causes cooling effect on the plants, it helps in removal of excess of water from the plant and bringing up of minerals absorbed from the soil to the leaves.

Q. 5. What are components of blood?

Ans. Components of blood are :

(i) Fluid matrix called plasma.

(ii) Red blood corpuscles (RBC)

(ii) White blood corpuscles (WBC)

(iv) Blood Platelets.

Q. 6. What are capillaries? Give their functions.

Ans. Capillaries. They are blood vessels present in the terminals of artery and vein. They are thin walled and extremely narrow. Exchange of food materials, gases, water, hormones etc. take place across the thin walls of capillaries

Q. 7. What are heart beat and pulse rate ?

Ans. Heart beat. A heart beat consists of one auricular systole, one ventricular diastole and then a short pause. At rest, human heart beats 72 times per minute. It can be listened with the help of stethoscope. 

Pulse rate. When the ventricles contract, the blood is forced into the aorta and exerts the pressure on the wall of the aorta. The pressure difference between systole (about 120 mm Hg) and diastole (about 80 mm Hg) is known as pulse, pressure (about 40 mm Hg). This blood pressure is expressed as 120/80. The heart beats 72 times per minute is referred to as the pulse rate.

Q. 8. Give reasons:

(i) Veins have valves at intervals in their inner lining whereas the arteries do not have valves,

(ii) The wall of the ventricles is thicker than that of the auricles.

(iii) The blood from the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, but cannot go back from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.

(iv) The left auricle contains oxygenated blood.

(v) The red blood corpuscles cannot divide.

(vi) Pulmonary artery contains deoxygenated blood.

(vii) Auricles are thin walled chambers.

(viii) Left ventricle is much thicker and muscular than the right ventricle of the heart.

Ans. (i) Veins are thin walled and collapsible. Their lumen is comparatively wide. They take deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body back to heart. To prevent the backflow of blood, valves are present at intervals. Arteries are thick walled and non-collapsible. Their lumen is narrow. As the blood in arteries flows with jerks the latter do not have valves.

(ii) Since blood is supplied to different organs of the body by ventricles, their wall is thicker than those of auricles because a thick wall exerts more pressure on the blood.

(iii) The opening of right ventricle into the pulmonary artery is guarded by semilunar valves which allow the flow of blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, but not in the reverse direction. Hence blood from the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, but cannot go back from pulmonary artery to right ventricle.

(iv) The left auricle contains oxygenated blood, because it receives blood from the lungs where blood is oxygenated.

(v) The red blood corpuscles cannot divide because they lack nucleus

(vi) Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

(vii) Auricles are collecting chambers for the blood, so they are thin walled to accommodate large volume of blood.

(viii) Left ventricle has to pump blood all over the body, under pressure, through the dorsal aorta. Hence, more muscular.

Q. 9. Name the different organs of excretory system.

Ans. Different organs of excretory system :

(i) Kidney

(ii) Ureter)

(iii) Urinary bladder

(iv) Urethra T

(v) Urinary opening.

Q. 10. How can a model of stethoscope be constructed?

Ans. Construction of a model of stethoscope. Take a small funnel of 6-7 cm in diameter. Fix a rubber tube about 50 cm long tightly on the stem of the funnel. Stretch a rubber balloon on the mouth of funnel and hold it firmly with a rubber band. This is a model of stethoscope. 

Fig. Model of Stethoscope

Q. 11. Why is transportation of food materials necessary ?

Ans. Necessity of transportation of food materials ;Each and every part of plant needs food for obtaining energy, building and maintaining body. As the food is prepared in the leaves and water is absorbed by roots from the soil, so, it is necessary to transport the food materials in the plant.

Q. 12. Describe the process of absorption of water into the roots.

Ans. Process of absorption of water.

Absorption of water takes place by root hair of roots but cells which lack root hair can also absorb water. Maximum water absorption takes place in the root hair,

Q. 13. How will you feel the heart beat?

Ans. Place your palm on the chest of a person just below the left nipple. You feel that heart is beating with a regular rhythm. Now place your ear at the same place. A distinct sound is heard. It is known as the heart beat.

Q. 14 . What is dialysis ?

Ans. Dialysis. It is a technique of separating small molecules from larger ones using a semi-permeable membrane. It is an artificial method of filtering blood. The principle of dialysis is used in an Artificial Key Machine (dialysis machine). This machine is used in case of individuals  whose kidneys are not able to perform the excretory function.

Q. Describe the structure of human heart.

Ans. Human Heart;

The heart is pumping muscular organs present in the chest cavity slightly towards the left. It is about the size of a clenched fist. The human heart weighs about 225 to 340 grams. It is covered by a double membrane covering called pericardium. It has four chambers. 

Two upper chambers are called right auricle and left auricle. Two lower chambers are called right ventricle and left ventricle. The valves are present between the auricle and ventricle..