NOTES PREPARED BY
ASHAQ HUSSAIN BHAT
TEACHER SCHOOL
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
CHAPTER 6
Food Producation and Management
KEYWORDS
Agricultural Practices: The activities undertaken by farmers for cultivation of crops.
Soil Preparation : First step before growing a crop it is to turn the soil and loosen it.
Sowing Process of putting seeds in the soil.
Manure : It is a natural substance obtained by the decomposition of cattle dung, human waste and plant residues.
Fertilizer : It is an organic salt and are very rich in plant nutrients.
Irrigation: The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.
Weeding: It involves removal of unwanted and uncultivated plants (weeds).
Harvesting: It is the cutting down of the mature crop.
Animal Husbandry: Farms, which provide proper food, shelter and care for animals at large scale.
Silos and Granaries: Large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries to protect them from pests.
INTEXT QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name various sources of food?
Ans. We get our food from plants, (Cereals, Vegetables and Fruits) or animals or both.
Q.2. What are various sources of plant nutrients?
Ans. Plant depends upon the soil for their nutrients, but continuous farming on the land exhausts the mineral nutrients from the soil. So, Manures and Fertilizers, like; Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash, or Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea etc. are the various sources of plant nutrients.
Q.3. Differentiate between farmyard manure and green manure?
Ans. The different between farmyard manure and green manure is :
Farmyard Manure
1. Farmyard manure is the most valuable organic matter commonly applied to the soil.
2. This usually consits of remnants of straw, leaves and other materials like the excreta of cattle.
Green Manure
1. The practice of turning of green plants into soil for the purpose of improving physical structure as well as soil fertility is called green manuring.
2. This consists of all the cattle shed wastes and all the available refuse.
Q.4. What are the advantages of sea manures?
Ans. The advantages of manures are:
(i) It enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.
(ii) It makes the soil porous due to which exchange of becomes easy.
(iii) It increases the number of friendly microbes.
(iv) It improves the texture of the soil.Q.6. Name any two irrigation systems in India?
Ans.
(i) Sprinkling System (Modern method) and
(ii) Pulley system (Traditional method)
Q.5. Name two fertilizers supplying nitrogen, phosphate and potash?
Ans. (i) Urea, (ii) NPK, are two fertilisers, which are rich in nitrogen, phosphate and potash.
Q.8. Name any two insecticides?
Ans. Two insecticides are: Malathion and, dimecron.
Q.7. What are weeds? How do they affect crops?
Ans. The undesirable plants, which grow along with a cultivated crop are called weeds. Weeds reduce the yield as they compete for nutrients and water with the main crops.
Q.9. Name two harvest festivals?
Ans. Most famous harvest festivals are :
Q.10.Name two main crops raised in India. Also mention their time of harvesting?
Ans. Kharif and Rabi are the two main crops raised in India.
The Kharif crop is sown in June and July and harvested after the monsoon season, i.e., in September and October Rice is, mainly, the Kharif crop.
Q.11. Name a machine which is used for harvesting?
Ans. Thresher or Combine is used for harvesting.
Q.12.Name the cereals grown in India?
Ans. Rice, Wheat, Maize, barley, bajra, jowar, ragi are the main cereals grown in India.
Q.13. Differentiate between agriculture and horticulture.
Ans.
Agriculture
1. The practice of cultivating land is referred as agricutlure.
2. Crops like cereals, fibre, grains, pulses, oil seeds, root crops etc. come under agriculture.
Horticulture
1. The garden cultivation is known as horticulture.
2. Vegetables, Fruits, Decorative plants and flower come under horticulture.
Q.14. Why is soil ploughed?
Ans. The tolling or ploughing of soil is necessary because this helps the plant to hold firmly on the soil. Also the roots are well ventilated. Roots and tuber crop plants need loosened soil for proper growth and for a good yield of the product.
Q.15. Name the methods of sowing.
Ans. (i) Broadcasting method and,
(ii) Drill Method.
Q.16. Why do farmers raise seedlings in nursery?
Ans. The farmers raise seedlings in nursery, so, that they are not damaged and only after a certain stage they are transferred to the main field.
INTEXT QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is plant breeding?
Ans. Cross breeding between two varieties of plants to obtain a new and better adapted variety is known as plant breeding.
Q.2. How is plant breeding performed?
Ans. In plant breeding, the anthers of plant are removed by a forceps before mature and produce pollen grains. This is known as emasculation. Then the pollen grains of another plant are dusted over the stigma of this flower to bring about cross-pollination. This plant is now again cross-breed. This process when repeated several times yields an improved variety called stock. This variety has the desired characters and is resistant to many diseases.
Q.3. What is crop rotation? What are its advantages?
Ans. Crop Rotation: The process of growing different crops, alternately, year by year is called crop rotation. It helps in the replenishment of the soil with nitrogen by the process of nitrogen fixation.
Advantage of Crop rotation : Repeated growing of the same plant however may deplete the soil severely of specific nutrients. To prevent this it is advisable to cultivate two different types of plants alternatively.
Q.4. Name two leguminous crops.
Ans. Cluster beans and horse gram are the two leguminous crops.
Q.5. What are the advantages of mixed cropping?
Ans. The advantages of mixed cropping are:
(i) It saves time and labour.
(ii) Waste materials at one crop is to be utilised by another crop in a proper manner.
Q.6. Name two crops which are grown together.
Ans. Groundnut and cotton are the two crops which are grown together.
Q.7. Define field fallow.
Ans. Sometimes, the field may be left as such and crop is not cultivated for one season. During this period humus of the soil may increase and promote the growth of micro-organisms to replenish the nutrients of soil. This is known as field follow.
Q.8. Write the important features of a good storage structure.?
Ans. The important features of a good storage structure are:
(i) It should be easy to clean.
(ii) It should be water-proof.
(iii) It should protect the grains against variation in temperature and humidity.
(iv) It should be located at a convenient place so that transportation becomes easy.
(v) It should be well-protected from rodents, rats etc.
(vi) It should be convenient for regular checkup of stored food materials.
(vii) It should be convenient for the use of pesticides and also for the control of other micro-organisms.
INTEXT QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is livestock?
Ans. All domesticated and useful animals constitute livestock.
Q.2. Name any four poultry birds?
Ans. Poultry birds are:
Chicken, Goose, Turkey and Duck.
Q.3. What is broody hen?
Ans. An egg-laying bird is called broody hen.
Q.4. Name any two breeds of:
(a) Cows and
(b) Buffaloes.
Ans. (a) Cows breed: Nagpuri and Sahwal
(b) Buffaloes breed: Murrah and Jaffarabadi
Q.5. Why is fishery flourishing in India on a large scale?
Ans. Indian sub-continent is surrounded on three sides by water and coastal area. It provides a rich haul of fish. Prawns, Shrimps and edible oysters are exported on large scale. Fish not only provide protein, but the oil of the fish can be used for various purposes. Corals are used, as, decoration pieces. Pearls from oysters are used in jewellery that's why fishery is flourishing in India on a large scale.
Q.6. Name any four fish.
Ans. Labeo, Touna, Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Mahseer etc. are the names of fishes.
Q.7. Give any two uses of honey.
Ans. The uses of honey are :
(i) Essential ingredient of many medicines and
(ii) Helpful in digestion of food.
Q.8. Give any two uses of wax.
Ans. (i) It is used as polishing agent in daily life.
(ii) It is used in number of medicine.
Q.9. Give any four points for care of animals.
Ans. Caring points of animals are :
(i) Providing them food, regularly and properly.
(ii) Cleaning the animals, regularly.
(iii) Maintain sanitary conditions and cleaning the sheds regularly.
(iv) Regular checkups of the animals by specialist called vaterinary doctors.
TEXTUAL EXERCISE
(I) NAME THE FOLLOWING:
Q.1. Five requirements essentials for obtaining good crops production.
Ans.
(i) Preparation of soil
(ii) Sowing of right seeds
(iii) irrigation
(iv) Manuring and fertilisation
(v) Removal of weeding
Q.2. Name two types of Fertilizers.
Ans. (i) CAN, (ii) NPK
Q.3. Some chemicals used to protect crops from insects pests and weeds.
Ans. Parathion, Malathion, DDT (Dicholoro-diphenyltricholoroethane) and BHC (benzene haxachloride) etc. are some chemicals used to protect crops from insects pests and weeds.
Q.4. Some animal products
Ans. Milk, Wool, Meat, Egg, Honey etc.
Q.5. Members of a colony of bees.
Ans. Sterile females, Drones, and Queen (fertile females)
II .FILL IN THE BLANKS :
1. A.........is used to remove weeds from the soil?
2. A.........is used to trowel the soil by breaking the lumps of soil after preliminary ploughing.
3. Kharif crops are seen during the months of...............
4. .......................seeds are not sown directly into the soil.
5. Rabi crops are harvested during the months of...................
6. The practice of taking the seedlings from the nursery to the main filed is known as.............field.
7. Pearls are used in.....................
8. Honey contains.....................water and..................
sugar with minerals.
9. The hen-houses are called ..................
10. Murrah and Jaffarabadi are well known breeds of.......................
Ans. (1) Trowels; (2) Plough; (3) June and July; (4) Paddy; (5) March or April; (6) transplanting; (7) jewellery; (8) 17% & 78%; (9) Poultry; (10) Buffaloes.
V . ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS :
Q.1. What are the requirements of farming which would lead to high yield of crops?
Ans. The activities which would lead to the high yields of crops are:
(i) Preparation of Soil
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Adding Manure and fertilizers
(iv) Irrigation
(v) Protecting from weeds
(vi) Harvesting and
(vii) Storage
Q.2. What is tilling? How is it done?
Ans. The process of loosening or turning the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a plough. Ploughs are made into mud crumbs which must be further broken down by a soil plank. Ploughing of small fields is done manually or with the help of animals while large fields are ploughed using tractors. Tractors are motor vehicles with heavy tread tyres used to pull form machinery like plough and drills.
Q.3. Write a short note on the process of sowing?
Ans.There are two methods of sowing. The first method is by scattering seeds in the field by hand. This is known as broadcasting. Now-a-days, it is sown by broadcaster machine, which is made up of a long hopper and a series of spinning disc, which scatter the seeds as they fall through the bottom of the hopper at a controlled rate.
Seed drills is the second method. The simplest seed drill consists of a vertical tube with a seed bowl. This arrangement is tied to the plough and the farmer drops the seeds into the bowl as the plough drags on the seed drill.
Q.4. What are manures ? Discuss their important types.
Ans. Manures: Manure is an organic substance obtained from decomposition of plant or animal wastes. Farmers dump plants and animals wastes in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by some micro- organisms. The decomposed matter is used as organic manure, which increases water holding capacity in sandy soil and drainage in clayey soil.
The important types of manures are farmyard manure, green manure, compost, sea manure and poultry manure.
Q.5. What is a fertilizer ? Explain its importance.
Ans. Fertilizers : Fertilizers are the chemical substances, which are rich in a particular nutrients. They are used mainly to increase the essential elements in the soil. Fertilizers are very rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Q.6. What are broadcasting and transplanting?
Ans. Broadcasting: Once the field has been prepared seeds are sown in it by hand or by using a seed drill. This process is known as broadcasting.
Transplanting: The practice of taking the seedlings from the nursery to the main field is known as transplanting.
Q.8. Why are weeds harmful? What is used to remove them?
Q.9. What are insecticides? Give examples.
Ans. The special chemicals, which selectively kill the pests or harmful insects as well as their eggs and larvae, but do not affect the plants are called insecticides or pesticides. Parathion, malathion,
DDT and BHC are the examples of insecticides.
Q.10. How do insecticides protect crops?
Ans. They kill the pests or harmful insects, as well as, their eggs and larvae and protect the crops.
Q.11. Which are the two main seasons in India for cultivating crops?
Ans Khorif and (ii) Rabi
Q.12.Name some harvest festivals of India.
Ans. The harvest festivals of India are :-
(ii) Baisakhi
(iii) Holi
(vi) Bihu etc.
(v) Nabanya
(Vi)Pongal;
(vi) Diwani
Q.13.Name four factors responsible for the improvement of a crop.
Ans. Besides, right kind of soil, good quality seeds, manuring (or fertilisation), required amount of water and protection from weeds and pests are the four factors responsible for the improvement of a crop.
Q.14. Write short note on the process of harvesting.
Ans. Harvesting: When crops get matured, they usually turn yellow or golden or brown. This is the time crops should be cut.Cutting of crops is known as harvesting. Small farmers use sickle for harvesting. Big farmers use huge machines known as combines.
Q.15. Why does a farmer rotate crops in the field?
Ans. If the same crop is grown continuously, soil may be deprived of certain nutrient elements. In order to prevent this depreciation and in order to maintain the fertility of the soil, a farmer rotates crops in the field.
Q.16. What do you understand by mixed cropping?
Ans. Sometimes, two crops may be grown together to save time and labour. This also helps the products and waste materials of one crop to be utilized by another crop if chosen properly. This method lube is known as mixed cropping.
Q.17. Why are fields sometimes allowed to remain fallow?
Ans. Sometimes the fields are allowed to remain follow for one season because during this period humus of the soil may increase and promote the growth of micro-organisms to replenish the nutrients of soil and the soil becomes better suited for the growth of new crop.
Q.18. List the importance of fish in our life?
Ans. Importance of Fish:
(i) A good source of protein.
(ii) It is staple food for lots of Indians.
(iii) Oil of fish is a good source of vitamin-E.
(iv) Oil of fish is used in various medicines.
(v) Corals and Pearls are used as decoration pieces and in jewellary respectively.
(vi) It is also very important from the ecological point of view.
Q.19. What is nutrient value of honey?
Ans. Honey is an essential ingredient of many medicines. Honey contains 17% water, 78% sugar with minerals and enzymes, which help in digestion of food.
Q.20. How are domesticated animals useful to us?
Ans. Domesticated animals are useful to us in many ways:
(i) Cows, buffaloes and goats provide us milk.
(ii) Ducks, fowls, pigs sheep and goats are the good sources of meat. The fowls also provide us eggs.
(iii) Bullocks, buffaloes, camels and horses are used for doing work in the field.
(iv) The livestock also provides us horn, skin, leather and feather etc.
(v) Horses, donkeys, bullock and camels are used for carrying load.
(vi) Dog watches the house property.
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