NOTES PREPARED BY
ASHAQ HUSSAIN BHAT
TEACHER SCHOOL
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
'Conservation of Plants And Animals, '
Chapter 3
KEYWORDS
♦ Deforestation : Clearing of forests and using that land for other purposes.
♦Desertification: Gradual conversion of fertile land into deserts.
♦Biosphere Reserves: The areas meant for conservation of biodiversity.
♦ Biodiversity: The variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms generally found in an area.
♦Forestation: Restocking of the destroyed forest by planting new trees.
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES
Q.1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) A place, where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called.........
(b) Species found only in a particular area is known as........
(c) Migratory birds fly to far away places because of changes.....,.....
Ans.
(a) wild life sanctuaries,
(b) endemic species,
(c) climatic.
Q.2. Differentiate between the following:
(a) Wildlife Sanctuary and Biosphere Reserve.
(b) Zoo and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(c) Endangered and Extinct Species.
(d) Flora and Fauna.
Ans.
(a) Wildlife Sanctuary
(1) Wildlife Sanctuary is an area where wild animals are protected in their natural habitats.
(ii) Wildlife Sanctuary is a place found in biosphere areas, like; reserves.
(iii) Bori and Panchmarhi are two wildlife sanctuaries in Panchmarhi biosphere.
Biosphere Reserve
(i) Biosphere Reserves is the area used to conserve bio- diversity, like; plants, & micro-organisms.
(ii) A biosphere reserve may also contain many other protected wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks.
(iii) Panchmarhi, for example, is a biosphere reserve.
(b)Zoo
(i) It is a place where animals are protected in the artificial protected habitat for public view.
(ii) Here animals are supplied prepared food.
(iii) Zoo's are the places inside or outside the cities.
Wildlife Sanctuary
(i) Wildlife Sanctuary is an area where wild animals are in their natural habitats.
(ii) They get their food from forests (sanctuaries) themselves.
(iii) Wildlife Sanctuaries are created in the forest areas or biosphere reserves.
(c) Endangered Species
(i) These are those species, which are facing the danger of extinction.
(ii) Tiger is an example of an endangered species.
Extinct Species
(i) They are the species, which have already vanished from earth.
(ii) Dinosours is an example of extinct species.
(d)Flora
(i) Flora are the plants found in a particular region.
(ii) Sal, teak, mango, jamun, silver ferns, arjun etc., are the examples of flora.
Fauna
(i) Fauna are the animals found in a particular region.
(ii) Chinkara, blue-bull, barking deer, cheetal, leopard, wild dog and wolf are the examples.
Q.3.Discuss the effects of deforestation on the following:
(a) Wild animals
(b)Environment
(c) Villages (Rural areas)
(e) Earth
(d) Cities (Urban areas)
(f)The next generation
Ans.
The effects of Deforestation :
(a) Wild Animals: Due to destruction of natural habitats, most of animals facing extinction and then their number also diminished.
(b) Environment: Deforestation disturbs the balance in nature due to which the level of oxygen has lowered and ground water level also lowered.
(c) Villages (Rural areas): Due to deforestation, the rainfall and the fertility of the soil will decrease and there are increased chances of natural calamities, such as, floods and drought. So, village life becomes difficult, because it is, mainly, based on agriculture.
(d) Cities (Urban areas): Deforestation increases the level of carbon-dioxide, which causes air pollution. Due to lack of trees, the problem of fuel and production of numerous things also will be affected.
(e) Earth: The deforestation increases the temperature and pollution level on the earth and it is also main cause of global warming.
(f)The Next Generation: The life will become very difficult for next generation due to increased level of pollution, temperature and damaged ecosystem etc..
Q.4. What will happen if:
(a) We go on cutting trees.
(b) The habitat of an animal is disturbed.
(c) The top layer of soil is exposed.
Ans.
(a) If we go on cutting trees, then
(i) Survival of man-kind will become a threat, because of low oxygen concentration.
(ii) Ecological balance will distrub.
(iii) Natural calamities, like; floods, droughts will become more frequent.
(iv) Many animals will lose their shelter.
(v) The earth will loose its fertility and convert into desert.
(vi) There will be scarcity of things, like; fruits, vegetables, papers and lots of other, which we get from forests.
(vii) We have to face high temperature and pollution level (Global Warming).
(b) If the habitat of an animal is disturbed, then,
(i) The survival of animals will become difficult.
(ii) Animal will face extinction and will come under the category of endangered species.
(c) If the top layer of soil is exposed, then,
(i) It will lose its fertility and humus.
(ii) Gradually, the fertile land will convert into deserts and desertification will be the result.
Q.5. Answer in brief:
(a)Why should we conserve biodiversity?
Ans. Biodiversity refers to the variety in life existing on earth, their inter relationships and their relationship with the environment. So, if biodiversity is not conserved, it will cause imbalance in life- cycles on earth. So, we should conserve biodiversity.
(b)Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals. Why?
Ans.Wild animals are killed or captured by men for various purposes, so, only protection of forests is not completely safe for wild animals.
(C) Some tribes depend on the jungle. How?
Ans. Some tribes still live in the jungle. The forests provide them food and economical support. By selling the wood and product of forests, they earn money. These tribes depend only on growth of forests.
(d)What are the causes and consequences of deforestation?
Ans. Causes: The forest or trees are cut for procuring land for cultivation. building houses and factories, making furniture or using as fuel. Also some natural processes, as forest fires and severe drought cause the deforestation.
Consequences: The following are the major consequences of deforestation :
(i) Survival of man-kind will become a threat, because of low oxygen concentration.
(ii) Ecological balance will distrub.
(iii) Natural calamities like floods, droughts will become more frequent.
(iv) Many animals will lose their shelter.
(v) The earth will loose its fertility and convert desert.
(vi) There will be scarcity of things like fruits, vegetables, papers and lots of other which we get from forests.
(vii) We have to face high temperature and pollution level (Global Warming).
(e) What is Red Data Book ?
Ans.Red Data Book is a source book that maintains an international list of all endangered animals and plant species. This book is maintained by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources).
What do you understand by the term migration ?
Ans. Migration refers to the movement of an organism or a group of organisms from its natural habitat to another place at a particular time every year. Organisms migrate from one place to another to avoid inhabitable climatic conditions or for breeding.
Q.6. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand in factories and for shelter, trees are being continually cut. Is it justified to cut a.trees for such projects? Discuss this in your class and prepare a brief report.
Ans. No, cutting of trees leads to many problems as global warming, desertification, drought, less rainfall, decrease in ground water level And oxygen etc.
Q.7. How can you contribute to the maintenance of green wealth of your locality? Discuss in your class and make a list of actions to be taken by you.
Ans. If we have to maintain our green wealth for generations, plantation of more trees is the only option.
(i) We should plant at least ten trees per year for cutting the effect of deforestation.
(ii) We should use other options of fuel instead of wood, which an also helps us to stop the pollution.
(iii) On the happy occasions, like; birthday or marriage ceremony, we should gift a plant in place of costly gifts to our relatives.
Q.8. Explain, how does deforestation lead to reduced rainfall?
Ans. The plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Fewer trees would mean less consumption of carbon dioxide and its increased amount in the atmosphere. This leads to global warming, as carbon dioxide traps the heat of sun rays. The increase in temperature on earth disturbs the water-cycle and reduces rainfall.
Q.9. Find out about the national parks in your state.
Ans. Wild Life Sanctuaries and National Parks in our state are :
1. Dachigam Wild-Life Sanctuary : situated 21 km away from Srinagar Home to the endangered Hangul species of the Deer in the country. Other animals found are-black/brown bear, musk deer, leopards and migratory birds.
2. Kishtwar High altitude National Park:
contains about 15 mammal species including the musk deer and Himalayan black and brown bear, and some species of birds.
3. Srurinsar Manasar Wild-life Sanctuary :
situated at 4.2 km from Jammu. Goral, wild bear, barking deer and leopards are common here. Number of bird species, like; black partridge, red jungle fowl, and peafowl, grey partridge, green pigeon etc. are also found.
4. Ramnagar Wild-Life Sanctuary :
Neelgai and Barking deers rhesus monkeys, wild boar are common here The sanctuary supports Indian mynah, blue rock pigeon, red jungle fowl, jungle crow and cheeked bulbul.
5. Overa Wild-Life Sanctuary:
Harborus a variety of mammals, like; hangal, musk deer, serow langur, leopard, leopard cats, etc.
Varieties of birds found here include Chakor, Kokilas, monal and Himalayan snow cocks, etc.
Q.10. Why should paper be saved? Prepare a list of the ways by which you can save paper.
Ans. Reasons, why should papers be saved :
(1) It takes 17 full grown trees to make one ton of paper. So, a large number of trees can be saved by saving paper.
(i) Saving paper also saves energy and water needed for manufacturing paper.
(iii) Moreover, the harmful chemicals used in paper making will also be reduced by saving paper.
List of ways of saving paper:
(i) Economical use of paper e.g. write on both sides of a paper, leave less margin, etc.
(ii) Re-use the paper.
(iii) Recycling of paper should be done.
(iv) Paper should not be burnt.
Q.11. Complete the word puzzle.
Down.
1. Species on the verge of extinction.
2. A book carrying information about endangered species.
5. Consequence of deforesation.
Across
1. Species, which have vanished.
3. Species found only in a particular habitat.
4. Variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms found in an area.
Answer
ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is the purpose of making national parks, wild-life sanctuaries and biosphere reserves?
Ans. To conserve and preserve the animals and plants whose numbers are diminishing and are facing extinction, national parks, wild-life sanctuaries and biosphere reserves are established.
Q.2. How deforestation reduces rainfall on the one hand and leads to floods on the other?
Ans. Deforestation leads to global warming which increases the temperature of earth and this increase in temperature disturbs the water cycle and reduces rainfall. Deforestation also leads to a decrease in water holding capacity of soil and movement of water from the soil surface into the ground, which causes floods.
Q.3. What is the difference between a zoo and a wild-life sanctuary?
Ans. Both wild-life sanctuary and zoo are the places where animals are protected and preserved, but wild-life sanctuary provides natural habitat while in zoo, animals live in artificial atmosphere.
Q.4. Whether only big animals are facing the danger of extinction.
Ans. No, the small animals are much more in danger than the bigger animals. At times, we kill snakes, frogs, lizards, bats and owls ruthlessly without realizing their importance in the ecosystem. By killing them we are harming ourselves. They might be small in size but their role in the ecosystem cannot be ignored. They form part of food chains and food webs.
Q.5. If there is a record of the endangered species
Ans. Red Data Book is the source book, which keeps a record of all endangered animals and plants. There are different Red Data Books for plants, animals and other different species.
Q.6. Is there any permanent solution for the problem of deforestation?
Ans. The answer of deforestation is reforestation, which is restocking of the destroyed forests by planting new trees.
Q.7. What do you understand by ecosystem?
Ans. An ecosystem comprises of all the plants, animals and micro- organisms in an area along with non-living components, such as, climate, soil, river deltas etc.
Q.8. What do you understand by Biosphere and Bio-diversity?
Ans. Biosphere is that part of the earth, in which living organisms exist or which supports life. Biological diversity or biodiversity refers to the variety in life existing on earth, their interrelationship and their relationship with the environment. Biodiversity can be defined for a specified geographical region, or for the entire biosphere.
Q.9. Difine species.
Ans. Species is a group of populations, which are capable of interbreeding with each other.
Q.10. What do you mean by desertification ?
Ans. Deforestation changes the physical properties. It causes soil erosion. Removal of top layer of the soil exposes the lower, hard and rocky layers. This soil has less humus and is less fertile. Gradually, the fertile land gets converted into deserts. It is called desertification.
Q.11. How does deforestation lead to a decrease in the water holding capacity of the soil ?
Ans. Deforestation also leads to a decrease in the water holding capacity of the soil. The movements of water from the soil surface into the ground are reduced. So, there are floods. The other properties of the soil, like; nutrients, content lexture also change because of deforestation.
Q.12.Write importance of wild-life.
Ans. Importance of wild-life:
(i) Plants, animals and micro-organisms provide many things to us.
(ii) Ecological balance is maintained by maintaining food chains and natural cycles.
(iii) Maintenance of gene bank for breeding programmes.
(iv) Wild animals are sources of fun and recreation to public.
(v) It is a source of inspiration to poets and artists.
(vi) It is a source of aesthetic value.
Q.13.Suggest some measures for protecting wild-life.
Ans. The following steps are necessary for protecting wild-life:
(i) Enactment and enforcement of laws to ban poaching.
(ii) Laws to stop killing of species which are threatened.
(iii) Preserving the habitats of wild animals by developing parks and sanctuaries and by checking deforestation.
Q.14. What are Endemic Species?
Ans. Those species of plants and animals, which are found exclusively in a particular area are called endemic speices to a zone, a state or a country. For example, sal and wild mango endemic flora of the Pachmarhi Biospher Reserve. Animals, such as; Bison, Indian gaint squirrel and fly squirrel are endemic fauna of this area.
Q.15. What are Endangered animals?
Ans. Animals whose numbers are diminishing to a leave that they might face extinction are known as the endangered animals. For example, dinosaures became extinct a long time ago.
Q.17. What do you know about Project Tiger?
Ans. Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India on 1st April, 1973 to protect the tigers in the country. The objective of this project was to ensure the survival and maintenance of the tiger population in the country.
Q.18. What do you mean by migratory birds ?
Ans. Migratory birds fly to far away areas every year during a particular time because of climatic changes. They fly for laying eggs as the weather in their natural habitats becomes very cold and inhospitable. Birds, which cover long distances to reach another land, are known as the migratory birds.
Q.19. What do you mean by Forest Conservation Act ?
Ans. In India, we have the Forest Conservation Act. This act is aimed at preservation and conservation of natural forests and meeting the basic needs of the people living in or near the forests.
Q.20. What is the factor responsible for Global warming ?
Ans. The continuously rising levels of carbon dioxide and some other gases in the air result in an increase in the temperature of atmosphere causing warming up of the atmosphere of earth i.e. global warming.
Q.21. What measures shand d be taken for the replenishment of forests?
Ans. Measure for Replenishment of forests: Man is utilizing the natural resources to fulfill his needs in modern times. However, if the forests are removed for our comforts, it will, ultimately, lead to elimination of the human species from the surface of the earth.
Following measures should be adopted for replenishment of forests:
(i) Growing more plants.
(ii) Judicious use of plant products.
(iii) Prevent overgrazing by the cattle.
(iv) Strict law enforcement for setting up mining and other industries in or around forests.
(v) Mobilising the public opinion through electronic and print media.
(vi) Establishing forest nurseries.
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