NOTES PREPARED BY
KHURSHEED AHMED
TEACHER IN SCHOOL
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
CHAPTER 4 (History)
"AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION"
TERMINOLOGY
1.Industrial Revolution:- The important developments and inventions that revolutionized the technique and organization of production in the latter half of the 18th century.
2.Capital:-Part of money that a capitalists invests for setting up some factory, industry or mill for producing different goods and earning profit from their selling
3.Machine Age:-Age of industrialization in which achines were given priority over manual labour.
4.Orient:-The countries to the east of Mediterranean usually referring to Asian countries. The term originated out of western viewpoint about the East.
5.Proto:-Proto refers to the first or early form of something.
6.Guilt System:-The association of traders who maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
7.Stapler:-A person who fulls or gathers cloth by pleating.
8.Carding:-A process prior to spinning cotton or wool.
9.Monopoly:-Exclusive right of trade in some commodity or branch of trade granted by some authority.
10.Gomasthas:-The paid servants appointed by the British East India company, who acted as an agent or middle man between the merchant and weavers.
11.Spinning jenny:-A machine devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, which speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand.
12.Sepoy:-It is the anglicised pronunciation of the word 'Sipahi' which means an Indian soldier in the service of British.
13.Jobbers:-The old and trusted workers who were employed by the industrialists to get new recruits.
.1: Explain the following
(a) Women worker in Britain attacked the Spinning jenny:The spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. It speeded up the spinning - process and consequently reduced labour demand. By the use of this machine, a single worker could make a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time. Women workers in Britain attacked it because this caused a valid fear of unemployment among women working in the woollen industry. Till date, they had survived on hand spinning, but this was placed in peril by the new machines.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages:
In the 17th century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages because of the following reasons:
(i) They could not expand production within towns because of the powerful trade and commerce guilds that maintained control over raw material, production, market and employees and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
(ii) Rulers had granted monopoly to different guilds to produce and trade in specific products.
(iii) In the villages peasants and artisans readily agreed to produce goods for the merchants,
(c) The port of Sur: declined by the end of 18h century:-The port of the Surat was one of the most important routes of the pre-colonial sea trade on the western coast of India connecting India to the Gulf and the Red Sea ports. Through this port a vibrant sea trade was taking place, but after the colonization of India port of Suratdec lined. As the Europeans companies gradually gained powers, firstly by securing a variety of concessions from local courts and then by the monopoly rights to trade. Exports from this port fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up and the local bankers went bankrupt. From 16million, the gross value of trade fell to 3million in Surat. All this lead to the decline of port of Surat, now the British shifted their focus on new ports like Bombay and Calcutta.
(d) The East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers in India: After the establishment of political power in India. The East India Company began to assert monopoly on trade. They tried to develop a system of management and control, eliminate competition, control costs and ensure supplies. One of the major steps taken in this direction was the appointment of Gomasthas, who were paid servants of the East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloth. This was done to eliminate existing traders, brokers or other buyers connected with the cloth trade.
2. Explain what is meant by Proto-Industrialization.
Proto-industrialization is the phase of industrialization that was not based on the factory system or period before the coming of large scale industries and factories when goods were produced by a vast number of producers working with their family farms, not in factories. A very close relationship existed even in this system between the towns and the countryside, merchants were based in towns but work was done in countryside.
3. Why did some industrialists in 19h century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Some industrialists in 19th Europe preferred hand labour over machines because of the following reasons:
(i) Machines were costly, ineffective ,often breaking down, difficult to repair and needed huge capital investments
(ii) Hand labour was available in plenty at low wages at that period of time.
(iii) In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required e.g. Gas- works, Bookbinding, printing etc.
(iv)Market demands of variety of designs and colour, and specific type could not be fulfilled by machine made clothes. Intricate designs and colours could be done by human skill only.
(v) Hand made goods were in more demand in market, preferred by the upper class, as these goods were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed by hand.
4. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
After establishing its political power in India, the English East India Company began to have full control over Indian trade. The company established a system of management and control to eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies. First of all special paid servants called , Gomasthas, who were appointed to directly, supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. This was done to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade. Secondly, through the system of Advances, weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material to produce goods. This was done to prevent weavers from dealing with other buyers, who were their competitors in the market. So, through both these methods, the East India Company produced regular supplies of cotton and silk from Indian weavers.
5. Why did Industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Before the First World War the industries of India were ruined by the imperial policies. India witnessed increased industrial production during the first world war due to following reasons:-
(i) The beginning of the war dramatically changed the whole situation, most of the British industries switched over to the production of the war materials for British army. As such all types of imports from England to Colonies like that in India automatically stopped. Hence, the Indian industries got a golden chance to flourish and manufacture all types of things for the home market.
(ii) The colonial Govt. asked Indian factories to supply the war needs – jute bags, cloth for uniform of soldiers, tents, leather boots and even saddles for the mules and horses and what not. So, during war year's industrial production boomed in India.
(iii) The increased demand of variety of products led to the setting up of new factories and old ones increased their production. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Thus, the world war first proved a blessing in disguise for industrial growth of India which was otherwise discouraged by the British.
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